#CALCULATE PI FROM POLYMORPHISM TABLE FULL#

vivax and was named MSP3α, due to its putative similarity to the MSP3 of P. Subsequently, a novel surface antigen was discovered in P. One of these proteins, the merozoite surface protein-3 (MSP3), was identified in P. The proteins involved in the invasion process have been studied to gain deeper insights of the invasion mechanism, and also to identify potential vaccine candidates against malaria. Malaria parasites invade the red blood cells (RBC) of many vertebrate hosts including humans and simians. knowlesi cases was found to be in the Malaysian Borneo as well as in the Peninsular Malaysia states of Kelantan, Pahang, Terengganu and Johor. Recently, a study reported that more than half of the malaria cases in Malaysia were caused by P. More than 300 human cases have been detected in Peninsular Malaysia since 2005. However, the majority of the infections have been recorded in Malaysia. A large number of human knowlesi malaria was reported in Malaysian Borneo in 2004, and reports have also been published on this infection in several neighbouring Asian countries such as Singapore, the Philippines and Thailand. A second case was reported in southern Peninsular Malaysia 5 years later. It was observed that the parasite could be transmitted to humans through blood inoculation and thus the authors designated it the human strain or strain H. knowlesi to humans was reported in 1965 when a US Army surveyor acquired the infection while working in Peninsular Malaysia. The first report of natural transmission of P. Molecular evidence suggests that the simian malaria agent Plasmosium knowlesi evolved from a group which included Plasmodium cynomolgi and P. Malaria is a disease caused by the infection of blood protozoa belonging to the genus Plasmodium.

knowlesi isolates in North Borneo, where large numbers of human knowlesi malaria infection still occur. Future studies should investigate the diversity of pkmsp3 among P. The separation of the pkmsp3 into two haplotype groups provides further evidence of the existence of two distinct P. ConclusionsĪ moderate level of genetic diversity was observed in the pkmsp3 and only the C-terminal region (Domain B) appeared to be under purifying selection. Neighbour Joining phylogenetic tree and haplotype network analyses revealed that the haplotypes clustered into two distinct groups. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed 42 different haplotypes. However, the dN/dS ratio of Domain B indicates purifying selection for this domain.

#CALCULATE PI FROM POLYMORPHISM TABLE FULL#

Tests of neutrality were not significant for the full length, Domain A or Domain B sequences. At the nucleotide level, 101 synonymous and 238 non-synonymous mutations were observed. Resultsįrom 23 samples, 48 pkmsp3 sequences were successfully obtained. Natural selection, genetic diversity, and haplotypes of pkmsp3 were analysed using MEGA6 and DnaSP ver. The full length pkmsp3 sequence was divided into Domain A and Domain B. The pkmsp3 gene of the isolates was amplified via PCR, and subsequently cloned and sequenced. knowlesi malaria patients within a period of 4 years (2008–2012). Methodsīlood samples were collected from P. knowlesi clinical samples from Peninsular Malaysia. The present study investigates the genetic diversity, and haplotypes groups of pkmsp3 in P.

However, to date no detailed studies have been carried out on P. falciparum MSP3 as a potential vaccine candidate. Several studies have evaluated the potential of P. Its merozoite surface protein-3 (MSP3) is a protein that belongs to a multi-gene family of proteins first found in Plasmodium falciparum. The simian malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi has been reported to cause significant numbers of human infection in South East Asia.

Calculate pi from polymorphism table